Class 10 Nitric acid ICSE notes pdf free download

 Class 10 Nitric acid ICSE notes

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Class 10 Hydrogen chloride- HCl ICSE notes pdf

Class 10 Metallurgy notes ICSE pdf

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ICSE class 10 CHEMISTRY notes pdf download

Acid base and salts class 10 notes

Class 10 Acids Bases and Salts ICSE notes

Acid base and salts class 10 notes

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Important questions from Acids Bases and salts in Chemistry ICSE CHEMISTRY

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Acids bases and Salts notes ICSE class 10 chemistry notes - Preparation of acids

 Acids bases and Salts notes ICSE class 10 chemistry notes

Preparation of acids:

Preparations of acids:

1.      From non-metals :

H₂ + Cl₂  -->  2HCl

2.      By dissolving  Non-metallic oxides (acidic oxides) in water

CO₂ + H₂O -->   H₂CO₃

SO₂ + H₂O -->   H₂SO₃

 

3.      By heating salts with non-volatile acids:

NaCl  + Conc. H₂SO₄     --> HCl + NaHSO₄

            Non-volatile acid

 

4.      Oxidation of non-metals with strong oxidizing agents:

             S +    6HNO₃    -->  H₂SO₄ + 2H₂O + 6NO₂

                  Oxidizing        Sulphuric

                       agent              acid

Reactions of acids

1.      Neutralization : Acids react with bases to give salt and water.

HCl + NaOH -->NaCl + H₂O

H₂SO₄  + CuO  -->CuSO₄ + H₂O

 

2.      Dilute acids react with –

i) active metals to produce Hydrogen gas and corresponding salts.

           Zn + 2HCl -->ZnCl₂ + H₂

           H₂SO₄ + Fe -->FeSO₄ + H₂

ii) metal carbonates and bicarbonates to give Carbon dioxide

           2HCl + Na₂CO₃ --> 2NaCl + CO₂ + H₂O

iii) metal sulphites to give Sulphur dioxide gas

           2HCl + Na₂SO₃ --> 2NaCl + SO₂ + H₂O

 

iv) metal sulphides to give Hydrogen sulphide gas.

           2HCl + Na₂S -->2NaCl + H₂S

 

3.      Less volatile or non-volatile acids react with salts to give volatile acids.

NaCl  +    Conc. H₂SO₄     --> HCl + NaHSO₄

               Non-volatile acid

NaNO₃  +   Conc. H₂SO_{4     -->} HNO₃ + NaHSO₄

                 Non-volatile acid

Acids, Bases and Salts - Definitions - Classification - icse class 10 chemistry

 Acids, Bases and Salts - Definitions - Classification - icse class 10 chemistry - Reactions of Bases - Alkalis

Base: A metal oxide or hydroxide which reacts with an acid and produce water and salt only.

e.g CuO, MgO, NaOH etc.

                       CuO   +    H₂SO₄ --> CuSO₄ + H₂O

                       Base         acid                salt        water           

Alkali:  A chemical compound which yields hydroxyl ions as the only negatively charged ions in its aqueous solution.

                       e.g. NaOH, KOH, NH₄OH, etc.

                      

                       NaOH  --> Na⁺  + OH^-

Bases	Alkalis
1.      These are metal oxides or hydroxides	These are metal hydroxides
2.      A few bases are soluble in water.	All the alkalis are soluble in water and produce hydroxyl ions.
3.      e.g. CuO, NaOH, MgO	e.g. NaOH, KOH, NH4OH

 

Strong alkali	Weak alkali
1.      Dissociates completely in water and produces a high concentration of Hydroxyl ions. e.g. NaOH, KOH, LiOH etc 2.      Strong electrolytes	1.      Dissociates partially and produces a low concentration of Hydroxyl ions. e.g. NH4OH, Ca(OH)2   2.      Weak electrolytes

 

Reactions of bases :

1.      Bases react with acids to produce salt and water.

H₂SO₄  + CuO --> CuSO₄ + H₂O

 

2.      Alkalis when heated with Ammonium salts and release Ammonia gas.

NH₄Cl + NaOH -->  NaCl + H₂O + NH₃

3.      Alkalis react with salts to produce precipitates of weak bases.

2NaOH + CuSO₄ --> Na₂SO₄ + Cu(OH)₂ pale blue ppt.

2NaOH + FeCl₃  --> Na₂SO₄ + Fe(OH)₃ reddish brown ppt.

 ICSE - INDIAN CERTIFICATE OF SECONDARY EDUCATION

ICSE - INDIAN CERTIFICATE OF SECONDARY EDUCATION examination is conducted by CISCE (Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations) for class 10 students. This examination is conducted in the national level. These exams are conducted by the council in accordance to the Education policy India through English Medium.

Students can choose the subject of their interest and they will be tested in those selected subjects only.

However there are some compulsory subjects that they have to study, the subjects are - English, Social studies, they have to choose a second language.

Usually the ICSE exams commence in the last week of February and end in the last week of March every year. The results are declared by the Council in the month of May. (Note: Due to COVID-19 pandemic ICSE-2021 examination may delay)

For more details visit CISCE official website link

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ICSE CHEMISTRY GIVE REASONS - Calcium oxide (quick lime) and Phosphorus pentoxide are not used to purify Hydrogen chloride gas

Calcium oxide (quick lime) and Phosphorus pentoxide are not used to purify Hydrogen chloride gas 

Calcium oxide (quick lime) and Phosphorus pentoxide are not used to purify Hydrogen chloride gas because they react with HCl as shown:

                                CaO + 2HCl -->    CaCl₂ + H₂O

                                2P₂O₅ + 3HCl --> POCl₃ + 3HPO₃

OBSERVATIONS - AMMONIA class 10 icse chemistry

OBSERVATIONS - AMMONIA

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State your observations when:

1. The gas, which is produced by adding warm water to Magnesium nitride, is passes into Nesseler's reagent. Ans: That gas turns turns the Nessler's reagent to brown which gives a reddish brown precipitate.
2. In fountain experiment using Ammonia gas. Ans: The litmus solution rises in the jet tube and ejects out like a fountain and turns blue.
3. Oxidation of Ammonia gas in the absence of Catalyst. Ans: Ammonia gas burns with a green flame.
4. Catalytic oxidation of Ammonia gas. Ans: Reddish brown fumes
5. Copper sulphate solution is treated with small amounts of Ammonium hydroxide and then with excess. Ans: A pale blue precipitate is formed which turns into inky blue solution when excess Ammonium hydroxide is added.
6. Zinc sulphate solution is treated with small amounts of Ammonium hydroxide and then with excess. Ans: A gelatinous white precipitate is formed which dissolves in excess Ammonium hydroxide.
7. A solution containing Ferric ions solution is treated with small amounts of Ammonium hydroxide and then with excess. Ans: Reddish brown precipitate is formed which remains insoluble in excess Ammonium hydroxide.
8. Reaction of Ammonia gas with excess Chlorine gas. Ans: Yellow liquid is formed.
9. Excess Ammonia gas is treated with Chlorine gas. Ans: Dense white fumes
10. Copper oxide is heated with Ammonia gas. Ans: Black copper oxide turns to brown residue.
11. Ammonia gas is passed over heated Lead oxide. Ans: Silvery grey solid.
12. Warm water is added to the product formed when Magnesium is burnt in Nitrogen. Ans: A colourless gas with pungent odour which turns Nessler's reagent to reddish brown precipitate.

Class 10 ICSE CHEMISTRY questions on ACIDS AND BASES - 2

Complete the following with suitable words.

1.      An acid is a compound which, when dissolved in water, gives _______________ ions as the only ___________ charged ions. A/an ______________ salt is one in which the Hydrogen of an acid has been partially replaced by a ____________.

2.      A base is a compound which if soluble in water contains _______________ ions as the only ____________ charged ions.

3.      A base reacts with an _____________ to give salt and _________ only and this type of reaction is known as _________.

4.      X and Y are two water soluble compounds and they react with each other to produce salt and water only. X turns blue litmus solution to red as it contains _____________ ions and Y must change _____________ litmus solution to ___________ colour as it contains _______________ ions. When a piece of Magnesium is added to X it gives ____________ gas.

5.      _______________ acid is formed when a non volatile acid is heated with a salt. This acid on thermal decomposition gives reddish brown vapours and is a strong _______ agent and volatile.

6.      ___________ is a weak alkali which undergoes ___________ dissociation and gives a low concentration of ___________ ions if dissolved in water and gives a pale blue precipitate with Copper sulphate solution when added in small amount. It gives a dark brown precipitate with Nesseler’s reagent as it contains ___________ ions.

7.      A dibasic acid has three/two replaceable _____________ ions and reacts with a base to form __________ salt and __________ salt.

Class 10 ICSE CHEMISTRY questions on ACIDS AND BASES - 1

Name the following.

1.      The positively charged ions produced when an acid is dissolved in water.

2.      The ions responsible for the acidic nature of an acid.

3.      The gas which is released when a dil. acid reacts with a metal carbonate.

4.      The gas liberated when a dilute acid reacts with a metal sulphide.

5.      The gas liberated when a dilute acid reacts with a metal sulphite.

6.      A water soluble compound which gives hydroxyl ions as the only negatively charged ions.

7.      The acid present in vinegar.

8.      The acidic oxide which dissolves in water to produce Sulphuric acid.

9.      The number of H⁺ ions that can be produced per one molecule of an acid in its aqueous solution.

10.  The number of replaceable hydroxyl ions per one molecule of the base.

11.  The acidity of Aluminium hydroxide.

12.  The acidity of Acetic acid.

13.  The volatile acid produced when a non volatile acid is heated with NaCl.

14.  The non volatile acid which is prepared by the oxidation of a non metal using a volatile acid.

15.  The reddish brown precipitate formed when Sodium hydroxide is added to Ferric sulphate.

16.  The acid used in eye wash.

17.  The acid used as food preservative.

18.  The acid used to remove ink stains.

19.  The acid used in pickling metals.

20.  The base used as antacid.

21.  The base used to remove grease stains.

22.  The gas released when Ammonium salts are heated with an alkali.

23.  A mono basic hydracids.

24.  The basic oxide dissolves in water to produce Sodium hydroxide.

25.  A compound which when dissolved in water produces hydronium ions as the only positively charged ions.

26.  An acid can give only a normal salt with a base then its basicity is ____________.

27.  An acid responsible for acid rain.

28.  The base produced when Lead nitrate is heated.

29.  The acids which when dissolved in water dissociate completely and produce a high concentration of Hydronium ions.

Class 10 ICSE CHEMISTRY questions on HYDROGEN CHLORIDE - 3

Give reasons

1.      HCl gas fumes in moist air but H₂S does not.

2.      HCl gas is not collected over water.

3.      HCl gas cannot be dried using quick lime.

4.      In the laboratory preparation of HCl, temperature is maintained below 200⁰C.

5.      HCl gas exposed to Ammonia gives white dense fumes.

6.      Conc. HNO₃ is not used instead of Conc. Sulphuric acid in the preparation of HCl gas.

7.      Hydrochloric acid is not prepared by dissolving HCl gas directly in water.

8.      HCl in water conducts electricity but in Toluene does not.

Class 10 ICSE CHEMISTRY questions on HYDROGEN CHLORIDE -2

Write balanced equations for the following reactions.

1.      Laboratory preparation of HCl gas.

2.      Conc. HCl is heated with Red Lead (Pb₃O₄).

3.      Dil. HCl is added to Copper oxide

4.      A piece os Magnesium is added to dil. HCl.

5.      Conc. HCl with MnO₂.

6.      FeCl₂ from HCl

7.      NH₄Cl from HCl

8.      Cl₂ from Conc. HCl

9.      H₂S from dil. HCl

State your observations

1.      Excess Ammonium hydroxide is added to the precipitate obtained by adding dil. HCl to AgNO₃ solution.

2.      When dil. HCl is added to Na₂S.

3.      Conc. HCl is heated with MnO₂.

4.      Dil. HCl is added to Magnesium ribbon.

5.      Dil. HCl is added to AgNO₃ solution.

6.      Sodium chloride is heated with Conc. Sulphuric acid.

7.      In the fountain experiment using HCl gas.

8.      A glass rod dipped in NH₄OH is brought near the open end of a gas jar containing HCl gas.

9.      A few drops of dil. HCl is added to AgNO₃ solution followed by addition of NH₄OH.

10.  Dil. HCl added to Sodium carbonate crystals.